Monday, September 14, 2015
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How to Build a Gaming Computer: DIY Gaming PC Step-By-Step Tutorial
In this video you will learn how to build a pc step by step.
Subnetting
The sub netting procedure divides
a network into several sub networks in such a way that each of these subnets
has its own address. The subnet address is created by dividing the host address
into network address.
There are five steps in
subnetting:-
1. Requirement Analysis
2. Partitioning network address and host address
3. Determining the subnetting mask
4. Determining subnet address
5. Determining the host address for each subnet
For e.g. IP address is 211.71.9.0
And subnets that have to create
are 8 subnets by following the five steps:
1
Requirement
analysis: In this step which class has to
do subnetting and how many subnets will be there? The class A and class B avoid
creating subnetting because there are many host computers, and class C has the
minimum number of hosts. Subnets are always created in the power of 2.
Therefore 2*2*2=8 subnets
Convert the address into binary
format i.e. 11011011.01000111.00001001.00000000
2
Partitioning network address and host address: - 000.00000:- In this first three bits are assigned for
subnet bits and last five bits are assigned for host bits. So, 2*2*2*2*2-2=30 host computers.
3
Determining
the subnet mask
000 0000
111 0000 -224
Convert the subnet bits into 1’s:
255.255.255.0
255.255.255.224
4 Determine the address of subnet
211.71.9.0
000:00000-0
001:00000-32
010:00000-64
011:00000-96
100:00000-128
101:00000-160
110:00000-192
111:00000-224
Subnet Address:
211.71.9.0
211.71.9.32
211.71.9.64
211.71.9.96
211.71.9.128
211.71.9.160
211.71.9.192
211.71.9.224
5 Determining the host address:-
211.71.9.0
000 0000
000 11110-30
211.71.9.32
001 00001
001 11110-62
211.71.9.64
010 00001
010 11110-94
211.71.9.96
011 00001
011 11110-126
211.71.9.128
100 00001
100 11110-158
211.71.9.160
101 00001
101 11110-190
211.71.9.192
110 00001
110 11110-222
211.71.9.224
111 00001
111 11110-255
Supernetting
Most of the class A and class B
address were depleted how ever there was still a huge demand for mid size
blocks. In this super netting decrease the number of ones in the mask. But the
main disadvantages of super netting is, there is wastage of host computers, so
to overcome use CIDR (classless inter domain outing) notation. To overcome
address depletion to give more organization access to the internet, classless
addressing was designed and implemented. Here are no classes, but the addresses
are still granted in blocks.
TCP SEGMENT
TCP segment is the unit of data
transfer between any two devices that use TCP. The segment is divided into two
parts. The part is called as header part and other one is called is data part.
TCP header format:
1) Source Port Address:
- It defines the application program in the source computer
and is 16 bit wide.
2) Destination Port
Address: - The destination port address
defines the application program in the destination computer. It is also 16 bit
wide.
3) Sequence Number: - A stream of data from the application program may be
divided into two or more TCP segment.
4) Acknowledgement
number: - The 32 bit acknowledgement
number is used acknowledge the receipt of data from the other communicating
device.
5) Header Length: - The 4- bit header length field indicates the number of 32
bit (4 byte) words in the TCP header.
6) Unused: - The 6 bit field is reserved for future use.
7) Control: - Each bit of the 6 bit control field functions individually
and independently. A bit can either define the use of a segment.
Control Field:
URG
|
ACK
|
PSH
|
RST
|
SYN
|
FIN
|
i.
URG: - Urgent
pointer is valid.
ii.
ACK:-Acknowledgement
is valid.
iii.
PSH: - Push the
data.
iv.
RST:-Reset the
connection.
v.
SYN:-Synchronize
sequence numbers during the connection FIN.
vi.
FIN:-Terminate the connection.
8) Window size: - The field defines the size of the window in bytes. The
length of this field is 16 bits, which means the maximum size of the window is
65,535 bytes.
9) Checksum: - The 16 bit contains the checksum. It is generally used in
error detection.
10)
Urgent pointer: - The 16 bit
field, which is valid only if the urgent flag is set. In this the pointer
defines the end of the urgent data and the start of the normal data.
11)
Options:-There can
be up to 40 bytes of optional information in the TCP header. They are used to
conventional additional information to the receiver or for alignment purpose.
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